Plotting track and trajectory of tropical cyclones on a topographic map in Python

Introduction

Plotting track or trajectory of the hurriance is essential part of analyzing and understanding the hurricane. For details see references.

Tropical cyclones (TCs) best track data base sites

For north Indian Ocean TCs: India Meteorological department
For south Indian Ocean TCs: Australia bureau of meteorological
For northwest Pacific TCs: Japan Meteorological Agency
For Atlantic Ocean: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
For global tropical cyclones: All oceanic tropical cyclones

Visualization

Importing Libraries

The first thing I like to do is to import all the necessary libraries for the task. This keeps the code organized.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from mpl_toolkits.basemap import Basemap
import pandas as pd
import glob
from plotting_topo import plot_topo

matplotlib.pyplot is imported for the plotting purpose,
numpy is for scientific computation and operations,
Basemap is the matplotlib library for plotting 2D data on map,
glob is for reading the files present in the directory,
plot_topo is the function that reads the topo data for plotting on the map.

from mpl_toolkits.basemap import shiftgrid
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def plot_topo(map,cmap=plt.cm.terrain,zorder=0,lonextent=(0,20),latextent=(35,60),plotstyle='pmesh'):
    '''
    -Utpal Kumar
    map: map object
    cmap: colormap to use
    lonextent: tuple of int or float
        min and max of longitude to use
    latextent: tuple of int or float
        min and max of latitude to use
    plotstyle: str
        use pmesh (pcolormesh) or contf (contourf)
    '''
    minlon,maxlon = lonextent
    minlat,maxlat = latextent
    minlon,maxlon = minlon-1,maxlon+1
    minlat,maxlat = minlat-1,maxlat+1
    #20 minute bathymetry/topography data
    etopo = np.loadtxt('topo/etopo20data.gz')
    lons  = np.loadtxt('topo/etopo20lons.gz')
    lats  = np.loadtxt('topo/etopo20lats.gz')
    # shift data so lons go from -180 to 180 instead of 20 to 380.
    etopo,lons = shiftgrid(180.,etopo,lons,start=False)
    lons_col_index = np.where((lons>minlon) & (lons<maxlon))[0]
    lats_col_index = np.where((lats>minlat) & (lats<maxlat))[0]
 
    etopo_sl = etopo[lats_col_index[0]:lats_col_index[-1]+1,lons_col_index[0]:lons_col_index[-1]+1]
    lons_sl = lons[lons_col_index[0]:lons_col_index[-1]+1]
    lats_sl = lats[lats_col_index[0]:lats_col_index[-1]+1]
    lons_sl, lats_sl = np.meshgrid(lons_sl,lats_sl)
    if plotstyle=='pmesh':
        cs = map.contourf(lons_sl, lats_sl, etopo_sl, 50,latlon=True,zorder=zorder, cmap=cmap,alpha=0.5, extend="both")
        limits = cs.get_clim()
        cs = map.pcolormesh(lons_sl,lats_sl,etopo_sl,cmap=cmap,latlon=True,shading='gouraud',zorder=zorder,alpha=1,antialiased=1,vmin=limits[0],vmax=limits[1],linewidth=0)
    elif plotstyle=='contf':
        cs = map.contourf(lons_sl, lats_sl, etopo_sl, 50,latlon=True,zorder=zorder, cmap=cmap,alpha=0.5, extend="both")
    return cs

The topo dir is location in the current directory.

Define map boundary parameters

lonmin, lonmax = 60, 95
latmin, latmax = 0, 25

Set up basemap with topography

For more details of plotting topography on a map, see this post for details: https://www.earthinversion.com/station_map_python/

instantiate the basemap instance within the defined map boundary. Here, we chose the mercator projection. For other projections, check here

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10,6))
axx = fig.add_subplot(111)
m = Basemap(projection='merc', resolution="f", llcrnrlon=lonmin, llcrnrlat=latmin, urcrnrlon=lonmax, urcrnrlat=latmax)

plot the topography on the basemap and draw colorbar

cs = plot_topo(m,cmap=plt.cm.jet,zorder=2,lonextent=(lonmin, lonmax),latextent=(latmin, latmax))

fig.colorbar(cs, ax=axx, shrink=0.6)

draw latitudinal and longitudinal grid lines with the step of 5 degrees. We only show the labels on the left and bottom of the map

m.drawcoastlines(color='k',linewidth=0.5,zorder=3)
m.drawcountries(color='k',linewidth=0.1,zorder=3)

parallelmin = int(latmin)
parallelmax = int(latmax)+1
m.drawparallels(np.arange(parallelmin, parallelmax,5,dtype='int16').tolist(),labels=[1,0,0,0],linewidth=0,fontsize=10, zorder=3)

meridianmin = int(lonmin)
meridianmax = int(lonmax)+1
m.drawmeridians(np.arange(meridianmin, meridianmax,5,dtype='int16').tolist(),labels=[0,0,0,1],linewidth=0,fontsize=10, zorder=3)

Plot track on the basemap

define the list of colors to be used for different hurriances
read the file names stored in the directory 01_TRACKS, and with the suffix .txt
read the data file as a pandas data frame.
extract the year info from the filename
we “capitalize” the track name
get longitude and latitude as numpy array
convert lat and lon to map projection scale
plot the track with -o and label the name of each track

colors = ['C0','C1','C3','C2','C4','C5','C6','C7'] #default colors from Python (can be automated if the order is not important)
datafiles = glob.glob("01_TRACKS/*.txt") #to read individual data files containing the coordinates of the track for each typhoon
for jj in range(8):
    dff = pd.read_csv(datafiles[jj],sep='\s+', dtype={'time': object}) #read data file and time as string
    year = datafiles[jj].split("/")[1].split("_")[1].split("-")[0] #extract year information from the filename
    track_name = datafiles[jj].split("/")[1].split("(")[1].split(")")[0] #extract track information from the filename
    track_name = track_name.capitalize()

    ## extract lat and lon info from pandas data frame and convert to map scale
    lons = dff['lon'].values
    lats = dff['lat'].values
    x, y = m(lons, lats)

    ## plot the track
    m.plot(x, y,'o-',color=colors[jj],ms=4, zorder=4,label=f"TRACK {jj} ({year})")

we extract the time at each data point from the data file for plotting on the map. This gives an idea of the direction of the hurricane.
the extracted values are the date and month and hour.
the track time is plotted for every 3rd data point with some shift in x and y direction. The shift is given in terms of the map scale.

for jj in range(8):
  ######CONTINUE FROM ABOVE####
  #############################
    ## extract the time info and label the track with the time for every 3 data points
    typh_time=[]
    for i in range(dff.shape[0]):
        date=dff.loc[i,'date']
        try:
            dd = date.split(".")[0]
            month = date.split(".")[1]
        except:
            dd = date.split("/")[0]
            month = date.split("/")[1]

        time=dff.loc[i,'time']

        track_times="{}{} ({})".format(month, dd, time[:2])
        typh_time.append(track_times)
    typh_time=np.array(typh_time)

    for i in np.arange(0,len(typh_time),5):
        plt.text(x[i]+20000,y[i]-10000,typh_time[i],fontsize=6,zorder=4)

we can put a triangle at the end of the track to indicate the direction of the hurricane

for jj in range(8):
  ######CONTINUE FROM ABOVE####
  #############################
    ## plot the arrow based on the last two data points to indicate the trajectory of the track
    plt.arrow(x[-1], y[-1]+1, 0, 0,head_width=50000, head_length=60000, fc='w', ec='k',color='k',alpha=1,zorder=4)

Instead of just triangle to indicate the direction, we plot the rough trajectory of the hurricane based on the last two data points.

for jj in range(8):
  ######CONTINUE FROM ABOVE####
  #############################
    ## plot the arrow based on the last two data points to indicate the trajectory of the track
    plt.arrow(x[-1], y[-1]+1, x[-1]-x[-2], y[-1]-y[-2],head_width=50000, head_length=60000, fc='w', ec='k',color='k',alpha=1,zorder=4)

plt.legend(loc=1)

## save the map as png
plt.savefig('map.png',bbox_inches='tight',dpi=300)

References

Janapati. J., B. K. Seela, P.-L. Lin, P. K. Wang, and U. Kumar, 2019: An assessment of tropical cyclones rainfall erosivity for Taiwan. Sci. Rep., 9, 15862. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52028-5
Janapati. J., B. K. Seela, P.-L. Lin, P. K. Wang, C.-H. Tseng, K. K. Reddy, H. Hashiguchi, L. Feng, S. K. Das, and C. K. Unnikrishnan (2020), Raindrop size distribution characteristics of Indian and Pacific ocean tropical cyclones observed at India and Taiwan sites. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. 98(2), 299−317. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2020-015
Janapati. J., Balaji Kumar seela, M. Venkatrami Reddy, K. Krishna Reddy, Pay-Liam Lin, T. Narayana Rao and Chian-Yi Liu, (2017), A study on raindrop size distribution variability in before and after landfall precipitations of tropical cyclones observed over southern India, J. Atmos. and Sol.-Terr. Phys., Vol. 159, 23–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2017.04.011
Fovell, R. G., and Su, H. (2007), Impact of cloud microphysics on hurricane track forecasts, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L24810, doi:10.1029/2007GL031723.
Huang, Y., C. Wu, and Y. Wang, 2011: The Influence of Island Topography on Typhoon Track Deflection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 139, 1708–1727, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011MWR3560.1.